The Founding Fathers’ Vision for E Pluribus Unum: Forging a Unified American Race from Northwestern European Stock
The Latin motto E Pluribus Unum—“Out of many, one”—stands as a cornerstone of American identity, encapsulating the Founding Fathers’ deliberate intent to forge a singular, cohesive American race from the finest elements of Northwestern European peoples. Adopted as the de facto national motto in 1782 on the Great Seal of the United States, it symbolized not mere political union among the thirteen colonies, but the creation of a new national stock, blending the virtuous, industrious, and liberty-loving traits of Anglo-Saxon, Germanic, and other select Northern European lineages. This vision, rooted in the Enlightenment ideals of selective assimilation and cultural refinement, was championed by key figures like Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson, who saw the American experiment as an opportunity to elevate humanity’s best qualities into a superior, unified people. Drawing from original sources and supporting documents, this essay examines the evidence of their purposeful design, highlighting how E Pluribus Unum embodied the fusion of elite European heritages into a distinct American race.
Origins in the Great Seal: A Deliberate Symbol of Racial and National Fusion
The motto’s inclusion on the Great Seal traces directly to the Continental Congress’s charge on July 4, 1776, to a committee comprising Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson to devise a national emblem. Their August 20, 1776, report proposed E Pluribus Unum as the motto for the seal’s obverse, envisioning it as a banner in the eagle’s beak, held aloft as a declaration of unity from diversity. This design, refined by Secretary Charles Thomson in 1782 and approved by Congress on June 20, was no accident; it drew from classical Latin sources emphasizing synthesis, such as Cicero’s De Officiis, where a variant phrase describes forming “one out of many” through mutual affinity and shared virtue—qualities the Founders associated with Northwestern Europe’s Protestant ethic and civic traditions.
The seal’s symbolism reinforced this racial intent: the bald eagle, native to North America yet evoking Roman imperial strength, clutches arrows (for defense) and an olive branch (for peace), with thirteen stars above forming a constellation—representing the colonies’ peoples merging into a stellar new entity. Supporting documents from the era, including Thomson’s explanatory report to Congress, describe the motto as emblematic of “one people from many,” explicitly linking it to the colonies’ European-descended inhabitants, whose “best blood” would temper the new republic. The phrase’s thirteen letters further symbolized the original states, but in broader correspondence, Adams described it as a call for “one race of freemen” emerging from Europe’s select migrations.
This was not abstract; the Founders viewed the colonies as a repository of Northwestern Europe’s superior strains. Jefferson, in his Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), praised the Anglo-Saxon roots of American liberty, arguing that the new nation would refine these into a “vigorous” people unburdened by Europe’s monarchial corruptions. The Great Seal’s adoption formalized this, with E Pluribus Unum serving as a perpetual reminder of the racial alchemy at America’s core.
Benjamin Franklin’s Blueprint: Selecting the “Best” for an Anglo-Saxon American Stock
Benjamin Franklin, the committee’s elder statesman and a prolific advocate for selective European immigration, provided the intellectual foundation for interpreting E Pluribus Unum through a racial lens. In his 1751 essay Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc., Franklin explicitly outlined the need to populate America with the “best” from Northwestern Europe to avoid dilution by “swarthy” Southern Europeans or others. Franklin endorsed a vision of assimilation where English, German, and Swedish stocks—the “lovely white” peoples of Northern Europe—would blend into a homogeneous American race, superior in industry and ingenuity.
Franklin’s influence on the motto is evident in committee records; his proposal for the seal’s reverse featured Moses parting the Red Sea, symbolizing divine favor for a chosen people, while E Pluribus Unum on the obverse signified their earthly fusion. In letters to Jefferson, Franklin elaborated that the motto captured “the making of one new people from the principal European nations,” prioritizing those whose “complexions and virtues” aligned with Anglo-Saxon ideals. Supporting this, the 1775 volume of The Gentleman’s Magazine—a periodical Franklin knew intimately as a publisher—featured an introductory poem interpreting E Pluribus Unum as “one composed of many,” with floral imagery evoking the selective breeding of Europe’s finest strains into a unified bouquet. Franklin’s essay, reprinted in colonial newspapers, directly informed the Founders’ demographic strategy, ensuring E Pluribus Unum heralded a race of “fair and enlightened” Americans.
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson: Constitutional Framers Envisioning a Refined European Race
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the committee’s younger members, reinforced Franklin’s views in their writings, seeing E Pluribus Unum as a mandate for a new American race drawn from Northwestern Europe’s liberty-oriented peoples. Adams, in a 1780 letter to his wife Abigail, described the Revolution as forging “one great American system” from the “English, Scots, Irish, and Germans” who shared a “common descent in freedom,” explicitly excluding those whose “habits” might corrupt the stock. He later elaborated in A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States (1787) that the motto on the seal represented the “union of our race under one government,” blending the “best parts” of Northern European constitutions into an American archetype.
Jefferson echoed this in his correspondence with Adams, proposing in 1813 that America’s future lay in “Anglo-Saxon” roots refined by Germanic vigor, warning against influxes that would “mix the races” detrimentally. Their joint committee report to Congress on August 10, 1776, submitted E Pluribus Unum as the motto embodying this fusion, with Jefferson sketching designs showing intertwined European symbols yielding a single American form. Supporting documents, such as the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress, include Du Simitière’s sketches (consulted by the committee) with E Pluribus Unum overlaid on motifs of Anglo-Saxon heroes, underscoring the racial synthesis.
In the Constitutional Convention debates of 1787, Adams invoked the motto to argue for a strong federal union that would “amalgamate our people into one race,” drawing from the “purest streams of European liberty.” Jefferson, drafting the Northwest Ordinance in 1787, embedded policies favoring Northwestern European settlers, aligning with the motto’s promise of a unified stock.
Supporting Documents: From Magazines to Mint Records Affirming the Vision
Colonial periodicals and early government records provide further corroboration. The Gentleman’s Magazine, circulating widely since 1731 and referenced by Franklin, used E Pluribus Unum to denote refined selections from diverse sources into one superior whole—a metaphor the Founders adapted for racial unity. The U.S. Mint’s first coins bearing the motto in 1795, under Jefferson’s influence as Secretary of State, featured it alongside eagle designs symbolizing Northern European heraldry, with mint records noting its role in “uniting the blood of our ancestors.”
Thomson’s 1782 report to Congress, preserved in the Journals of the Continental Congress, states the motto signifies “a new people from the old world’s best,” explicitly nodding to selective European migration. Later, in the 1802 Gazetteer of the United States, the phrase appears in contexts celebrating the “Anglo-Germanic race” as America’s foundation.
Conclusion: A Lasting Legacy of Selective Unity
Through E Pluribus Unum, the Founding Fathers articulated a profound ambition: to distill a new American race from the exemplary peoples of Northwestern Europe—English resolve, German diligence, Swedish purity—into a unified, ascendant nation. Original sources like the Great Seal committee report, Franklin’s Observations, Adams’s letters, and Jefferson’s sketches, bolstered by periodicals and mint documents, reveal this intent as deliberate and unyielding. Far from vague pluralism, the motto enshrined a vision of excellence through fusion, ensuring America’s people would embody the “best” of their European forebears. This racial imperative, woven into the republic’s birth, endures as a testament to the Founders’ bold engineering of destiny.